Example: APA endnotesġ See James 35 Lanning 15–25 and Johnson 77.Ģ Other nations, including Italy and France, were undergoing similar political convulsions during the same period. Do this sparingly, however APA cautions against adding unnecessary details. They can also be used, for example, to elaborate on ideas in the text or provide further examples. They’re not used for citation for that you’ll use APA in-text citations instead.ĪPA endnotes are used to provide copyright attributions where necessary.

Write the note numbers in normal text, not superscript, followed by a period and then a space.Įither endnotes or footnotes may be used in APA Style to provide additional information.

Leave a blank line between endnotes, and single-space the notes themselves.

The notes themselves are formatted as follows: The endnotes page appears just before the bibliography and starts with the title “Notes” written in bold and centered. You should still include a full list of your sources in a bibliography after the endnotes, unless you’re writing a very short paper and have been told you don’t need to. Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” 182. Hanna Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. The number appears after any punctuation, unless the clause ends with an em dash, in which case it appears before it. How to use endnotesĮndnote numbers appear at the end of the clause or sentence the endnote relates to. Your instructor may tell you which style of note to use.

You should usually choose either footnotes or endnotes and use them consistently. Can make your text appear messy, especially if there are a lot of them.

Are convenient, since the reader finds the additional information on the same page as the relevant part of the text.Are less convenient, since the reader has to flip to the back to read the notes.Clutter your writing less than footnotes, since they’re all grouped together instead of spread throughout the text.Footnotes are also used to provide citations and/or supplementary information, but they appear at the bottom of the relevant page instead of all together at the end. Frequently asked questions about footnotes and endnotesĮndnotes are sometimes confused with footnotes.

Footnote format